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The royal prerogative is a body of customary authority, privilege, and immunity, recognized in common law and, sometimes, in civil law jurisdictions possessing a monarchy, as belonging to the sovereign alone.〔In Commonwealth realms, the wording ''the crown'' is usually used in this context instead of ''king'' or ''queen''.〕 It is the means by which some of the executive powers of government, possessed by and vested in a monarch with regard to the process of governance of the state, are carried out. Individual prerogatives can be abolished by Parliament, although in the United Kingdom special procedure applies. Though some republican heads of state possess similar powers, they are not coterminous, have a number of fundamental differences, and may be either more or less extensive (cf. reserve powers). In Britain, while prerogative powers were originally exercised by the monarch acting alone, without an observed requirement for parliamentary consent (after Magna Carta), since the accession of the House of Hanover these powers have been generally exercised on the advice of the Prime Minister or the Cabinet, who in turn is accountable to Parliament, exclusively so, except in matters of the Royal Family, since at least the time of William IV. Typically in liberal democracies that are constitutional monarchies as well as nation states, such as those of Denmark, Japan or Sweden, the royal prerogative serves as a prescribed ceremonial function of the ''state power''. ==Ministerial exercise of the monarch's prerogatives== Today, some prerogatives are directly exercised by ministers without the approval of parliament, including, in some countries, the powers to regulate the civil service, issue passports and grant honours.〔(【引用サイトリンク】title= UK Parliament – PASC 19 )〕 Some prerogative powers are exercised nominally by the monarch, but on the advice of the prime minister, with whom the monarch communicates, and on the advice of the cabinet. Some key areas of government are still carried out by means of the royal prerogative, but its usage has been diminishing, as functions are progressively made statutory. Contrary to widespread belief, the royal prerogative is not constitutionally unlimited. In the Case of Proclamations (1611) during the reign of King James VI/I, English common law courts judges emphatically asserted that they possessed the right to determine the limits of the royal prerogative. Since the Glorious Revolution in 1688, which brought co-monarchs Queen Mary II and King William III to power, this interpretation of there being a separate and distinct power of the Judiciary has not been challenged by the Crown. It has been accepted that it is emphatically the province of the court(s) to say what the law is, or means. This is a crucial corollary and foundation to the concept of the judicial power; and its distinct and separate nature from the executive power possessed by the Crown itself, or its ministers. 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Royal prerogative」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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